Abstract—This study provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in electrochemical energy storage, including Na+-ion, metal-ion, and metal-air batteries, alongside innovations in electrode engineering, electrolytes, and solid-electrolyte interphase control. . Electrochemical energy storage is widely used in power systems due to its advantages of high specific energy, good cycle performance and environmental protection [1]. Electric vehicle applications require batteries with high energy density and fast-charging capabilities.
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